famously put it in City of God, “The world was not created in time but with time.”31 God’s eternity is a fullness of presence, which creates and embraces the whole of created, temporal existence. For Augustine, Lamb writes, “the whole of reality, including all past, present, and future events, [is] present in the Divine Presence as ‘totum esse praesens.’ ”32 This account of participatory ontology militates against a construal of the world as a closed system with God solely as an extrinsic efficient